Chapter 2: The Planting of English America 1500-1733

Intro:

• Disease and conquest had wiped out many natives in the New World by the year 1600.
• Africans enslaved on sugar plantations in the Caribbean and Brazil.
• Florida, New Mexico, and South = Imperial Spain ruled
• English - Jamestown, VA - 1607
• French - Quebec - 1608
• Spanish - Santa Fe - 1610

England's Imperial Stirrings:

• Queen Elizabeth (Protestant) turned England against Catholic Spain and Ireland, and brutally conquered part of Ireland.
• Sir Walter Raleigh: brought tobacco and potato to England, eventually beheaded for treason

Elizabeth Energizes England:

• Francis Drake: "sea dog," plundered Spanish ships for England
• Newfoundland: First English attempt at colonization
• Sir Walter Raleigh: expedition landed in Roanoke, "the lost colony"]
• England pwn'd Spain (Armada, "Protestant wind")

England on the Eve of Empire:

• Puritans, who worked in wool, were unemployed and nomadic throughout England. "Surplus population"
• England and Spain = peace.
• Motives for colonization: unemployment, thirst for adventure, and religious freedom (financed by joint-stock companies).

England Plants the Jamestown Seedling:

• Jamestown started as a short-term thing to make money
• The Charter of the Virginia Company ensured colonists the same rights as the English
• May 24th, 1607 - Jamestown
• Captain John Smith: Led Jamestown and got them working. Saved by Pocahontas.
• Most of Jamestown starved.
• New harsh rule (Lord de la Warr)

Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake:

• Powhatans and colonists: tense relations
• Lord de la Warr declared war w/ the Indians, brutal stuff, ended w/ peace settlement. Pocahontas + John Rolfe = <3
• Second Anglo-Powhatan War = total devastation for natives. By 1685 the Powhatan people were considered extinct (Disease, disorganization, and disposability)

The Indian's New World:

• Natives badly affected. DISEASE!! Migration. Trade w/ Europeans led to Indian-on-Indian violence (hot!)
• Middle ground created....(for now)

Virginia: Child of Tobacco:

• John Rolfe: father of the tobacco industry and saved Jamestown economically
• Tobacco craze! Needed land to plant more tobacco
• Beginnings of black slavery
• House of Burgesses: first mini-parliament
• James I made Jamestown directly under his control.

Maryland: Catholic Heaven:

• Founded by Lord Baltimore in 1634: money and religious freedom (Catholic)
• People wanted land along the Chesapeake
• Tobacco, indentured servitude
• Act of Toleration: 1649 - protect Catholics from recent Protestant influx. Tolerate all Christians, death penalty to Jews and atheists.

The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America:

• England gained control of some Caribbean Islands, including Jamaica
• sugar = economy
• Tobacco = poor man's crop, sugar = rich man's crop
• African slave crazy in the West Indies!
• Slaves outnumbered whites 4:1
• Slave bodes (bad) [Barbados slave code of 1661]
• Displaced English from Barbados settled in Carolina (1670), and brought slaves!

Colonizing the Carolinas:

• Civil War in England in the 1640s.
• Carolina prospered by economic ties w/ W. Indies sugar plantations.
• Established slave trade. Indians exported.
• Carolina practically annihilated Indians when they tried to flee from slave trade (1710).
• Rice = main crop. Africans were good w/ rice, so they imported a TON!
• Anglo-Spanish wars. Carolina strong.

The Emergence of North Carolina:

• North Carolinians: poor, irreligious, isolated.
• Between aristocratic Virginia and S. Carolina, dubbed "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit."
• Separated from SC in 1712
• Pwn'd the Indians

Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony:

• Founded in 1733 (last of 13 colonies)
• "Buffer state", received money from British gov. to protect Carolinas from Spaniards and French
• Silk and wine. Haven for debtors. "The Charity Colony"
• James Oglethorpe - a founder and successful leader.
• missionaries (John Wesley - founded Methodist)
• early restrictions on black slavery

The Plantation Colonies:

• MD, VA, NC, SC, GA,
• All had slavery (Georgia only after 1750)
• "Soil butchery" from tobacco drove people west

The Iroquois:

• The Iroquois Confederacy: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas.
• Fur trade, but due to white people, struggled for survival.
• Longhouses
• British defeat in the American Revolution left the Confederacy in tatters
• Iroquois prophet, Handsome Lake, told the people to forsake alcohol, affirm family values, and to revive old Iroquois customs. (Longhouse religion).