AP US History: The Study Guide: Chapter 21: The Furnace of Civil War 1861-1865

Bull Run Ends the "Ninety-Day War":

July 21, 1861 - Union forces wanted to attack smaller Confederate force at Bull Run (in hopes to capture capital, Richmond)
Yanks attacked, but Stonewall Jackson's forces held out - Union fled.
Southern victory was bad for them because it caused overconfidence, many deserted thinking war was over.
Northern defeat good b.c they had to BUCKLE down, started war for Union and abolition!

"Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign:

1861 General George B. McClellan given command of Union's "Army of the Potomac." Nicknamed "Young Napolean," "Little Mac"
McClellan, 100,000 men marched to Richmond - Robert E. Lee launched counter-attck "Seven Days' Battles." Union driven to retreat. McClellan suspended.
Lincoln now began to draft emancipation proclamation.
Union strategy: 1) suffocate South by blockading coasts, 2) free slaves - ruin S economy, 3) Seize conrol of Mississippi R and cut Confeds. in half, 4) send troops through GA and Carolinas, 5) capture Richmond, 6) make S submit [Anaconda Plan]

The War at Sea:

North blockaded Southern ports - Britain recognized this as binding.
"Blockade-running" - sneaky trade w/ Confederacy through ports at Nassau, Bahamas.
N Navy would seize any ships w/ treade ultimately ending at Confederacy - Britain respected this.
Confederate ironclad Merrimack (renamed Virginia) fought Union tiny ironclad Monitor to a standstill.

The Pivotal Point: Antietam:

Robert E. Lee's army BTHO John Pope's Union force at the 2nd Battle of Bull Run.
Lee's troops marched to Maryland, wanting to win this Border State.
McClellan restored to command - found Lee's battle plans and halted Lee at Antietam Creek, Maryland - bloodiest days of the war.
It was a draw - Lee retired across Potomac; McClellan removed from command again.
Gave Lincoln opportunity to launch Emancipation Proclamation. In 1861, Congress had declared rebel property (including slaves) could be confiscated =>Confiscation Act 1862

A Proclamation Without Emancipation:

1863 Emancipation Proclamation declared slaves in Confederrate States "forever free" - but slaveowners in Border States were not affected.
Lincoln couldn't enforce this in the South - but many slaves fled north. Strengthened moral cause of the Union.
Many desertions from Union army (Border states, "butternuts")

Blacks Battle Bondage:

Blackes enlisted - 10% of total enlistees in Union
38,000 total died - battle, sickness, uprisings
Slaves didn't fight for Confederacy (started being enlisted 1 month before war ended), but kept farms.
On news of Emancipation Proclamation, most slaves didn't leave out of fear. Many slaves revolted though - joined Sherman's March through Georgia 1864.

Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg:

Lincoln replaced McClellan w/ A.E. Burnside - made mistake w/ "Burnside's Slaughter Pen"
1863 "Fighting Joe" Hooker took command - got owned by Lee. Stonewall JAckson died.
George G. Meade replaced Hooker - fought George Pickett's Confeds at Gettysburg, PA.
Union won. It was the Confed's real last chance.
Confederacy wanted to negotiate truce...Lincoln wouldn't let them cross Union lines.
Gettysburg address!

The War in the West:

Ulysses S. Grant - triumphed at Tennessee - drinker.
Union win at Vicksburg (day after Gettysburg) -Union now won Control of Missisissippi River
End of 1863 - Confeds lost all hope for foreign help.

Sherman Scorches Georgia:

Grant wont series of battles at Chattanooga, Tennessee - way to Georgia opened.
William Tecumseh Sherman: marched through Georgia - captured and burnt Atlanta, then moved on to Savannah. Burnt houses - brutal!
Moved on to South Carolina - destruction! Burnt capital city, Columbia.

The Politics of War:

By 1864 - Factions in Lincoln's Party. "Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War" (1861) - "radical Republicans" - resented presidential power and pushed for emancipation.
Northern Democrats - Stephen A. Douglas died at beginning of war and they split. "War Democrats" - supported Lincoln, "Peace Democrats" did not -> Copperheads - extremely against war, draft, Lincoln, emancipation (Ohio, Illinois, Indiana), Clement Vallandigham - Ohio Congressman - banished to Confederate lines in 1863 - fled to Canada- snuck back to Ohio => The Man Without a Country - Hale.

The Election of 1864:

Republican party joined with War Democrats to form Union party.
Movement to "ditch" Lincoln - but he did get nominated to run for Union Party (against War Democrat Andrew Johnson)
Peace Democrats and Copperheads nominated General McClellan
Lincoln won - last hope for Confederacy was crushed.

Grant Outlasts Lee:

Grant chosen to replace Meade - w/ 100,000 men, struck Richmond - butchery, violent, bloody - owned Lee.
Confeds tired to meet for "peace between the two countries." Lincoln would accept nothing short of Union and emancipation, and S wanted independence -> continued fighting
N troops cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in VA. Lee met w/ Grant and surrendered.
Go Abe!!!!!!!

The Martyrdom of Lincoln:

April 14, 1865 (5 days after Lee's surrender), Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in Washington
His death made him a hero
Johnson became prez

The Aftermath of the Nightmare: